Buying real estate in the Algarve?

We've created a guide to help you avoid pitfalls, save time, and make the best long-term investment possible.

How's the real estate market doing in the Algarve? (2026)

Last updated on 

Authored by the expert who managed and guided the team behind the Portugal Property Pack

property investment the Algarve

Yes, the analysis of the Algarve's property market is included in our pack

The Algarve remains one of Europe's most attractive property markets, drawing buyers from around the world with its golden beaches, mild climate, and relaxed lifestyle.

In this article, we break down the current housing prices in the Algarve as of January 2026, and we constantly update this blog post to keep the data fresh for you.

Whether you're looking for a beachfront apartment in Albufeira or a luxury villa in Quinta do Lago, you'll find the numbers and insights you need right here.

And if you're planning to buy a property in this place, you may want to download our pack covering the real estate market in the Algarve.

photo of expert joão morais

Fact-checked and reviewed by our local expert

✓✓✓

João Morais 🇵🇹

Founder | Real Estate Advisor, at Wilderness Investments

João Morais is an expert in the Portuguese real estate market with a deep understanding of the Algarve region and beyond. Known for his dedication and personalized service, João specializes in helping clients find their dream properties in Portugal, whether it’s a serene coastal retreat, a charming city apartment, or a lucrative investment opportunity.

How's the real estate market going in the Algarve in 2026?

What's the average days-on-market in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the estimated average days-on-market for residential properties in the Algarve sits around 110 days, though well-priced homes in popular coastal towns often sell much faster, typically within 45 to 75 days.

The realistic range that covers most typical listings in the Algarve spans from about 45 days for turnkey, correctly-priced properties in sought-after areas like Lagos or Vilamoura, all the way up to 150 days or more for overpriced listings or homes with legal or condition issues.

Compared to one or two years ago, days-on-market in the Algarve have remained relatively stable, though improved mortgage conditions and continued international demand have helped speed up sales for the best properties while leaving mediocre stock sitting longer.

Sources and methodology: we triangulated official transaction data from Statistics Portugal (INE) with high-frequency listing signals from idealista and mortgage rate trends from Banco de Portugal. We also applied our own proprietary analysis of listing turnover patterns across Algarve municipalities. No single official source publishes Algarve-wide days-on-market monthly, so we estimated this by combining these datasets.

Are properties selling above or below asking in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the estimated average sale-to-asking price ratio for residential properties in the Algarve is around 98% to 99%, meaning most homes sell for about 1% to 2% below their asking price.

In the Algarve, roughly 15% to 20% of properties sell at or slightly above asking, mostly in high-demand micro-markets, while the remaining 80% to 85% close at or below list price, and this estimate is reasonably confident given the consistent data from listing portals and transaction records.

The property types and neighborhoods in the Algarve most likely to see bidding wars and above-asking sales are turnkey, renovated apartments and villas in prime coastal locations like Lagos Centro Historico, Vilamoura, and the Golden Triangle areas of Quinta do Lago and Vale do Lobo, where scarcity and international buyer competition remain intense.

By the way, you will find much more detailed data in our property pack covering the real estate market in the Algarve.

Sources and methodology: we anchored our estimates on idealista's Algarve asking price index showing around 3,870 euros per square meter in late 2025, then cross-referenced with transaction trends from INE and financing conditions from European Central Bank. We also incorporated our own market intelligence gathered from local agents and transaction records.
infographics map property prices the Algarve

We created this infographic to give you a simple idea of how much it costs to buy property in different parts of Portugal. As you can see, it breaks down price ranges and property types for popular cities in the country. We hope this makes it easier to explore your options and understand the market.

What kinds of residential properties can I realistically buy in the Algarve?

What property types dominate in the Algarve right now?

The estimated breakdown of residential property types available for sale in the Algarve in 2026 is roughly 45% apartments, 30% detached houses and villas, 20% townhouses, and about 5% resort-style condo apartments.

Apartments represent the largest share of the Algarve property market, particularly in coastal towns like Albufeira, Portimao, Quarteira, and Lagos, where they make up almost half of all listings.

Apartments became so prevalent in the Algarve because the region's tourism-driven economy and strong international demand for holiday homes and rental investments favored compact, low-maintenance coastal units that can generate income when owners are away.

If you want to know more, you should read our dedicated analyses:

Sources and methodology: we analyzed current listing distributions from idealista and cross-referenced with historical supply patterns from INE housing statistics. We also incorporated insights from Turismo de Portugal's RNAL registry to understand how rental potential shapes supply. Our own data collection across Algarve municipalities confirmed these proportions.

Are new builds widely available in the Algarve right now?

The estimated share of new-build properties among all residential listings in the Algarve is around 15% to 20%, meaning most available homes are resale properties rather than brand-new constructions.

As of early 2026, the neighborhoods and districts in the Algarve with the highest concentration of new-build developments include the outskirts of Faro, the expanding areas around Portimao and Lagos, and the Tavira and Cabanas corridor, where land availability and planning approvals have allowed more construction activity.

Sources and methodology: we reviewed new construction data from INE building permits statistics and current new-build listings on idealista. We also consulted Recuperar Portugal PRR investment plans for infrastructure-led development zones. Our own market tracking helped identify where new projects are concentrated.

Get fresh and reliable information about the market in the Algarve

Don't base significant investment decisions on outdated data. Get updated and accurate information with our guide.

buying property foreigner the Algarve

Which neighborhoods are improving fastest in the Algarve in 2026?

Which areas in the Algarve are gentrifying in 2026?

As of early 2026, the top neighborhoods in the Algarve showing the clearest signs of gentrification include Baixa de Faro and the Sao Pedro district in Faro, the waterfront and Bairro do Levante areas in Olhao, the Zona Ribeirinha in Portimao, and the historic center of Tavira.

The visible changes indicating gentrification in these Algarve areas include the arrival of specialty coffee shops and co-working spaces in Olhao's marina district, extensive facade renovations and boutique hotel conversions in Faro's old town, and a noticeable shift toward younger international residents and remote workers in Tavira's centro.

The estimated price appreciation in these gentrifying Algarve neighborhoods over the past two to three years has ranged from about 25% to 40%, with Olhao and Tavira seeing some of the strongest gains as buyers priced out of Lagos and the western Algarve shifted their attention eastward.

By the way, we've written a blog article detailing what are the current best areas to invest in property in the Algarve.

Sources and methodology: we identified gentrification signals by combining price data from idealista with infrastructure investment records from Infraestruturas de Portugal and local development plans. We also tracked business licensing and renovation permits from municipal sources. Our own on-the-ground observations across Algarve towns informed these conclusions.

Where are infrastructure projects boosting demand in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the top areas in the Algarve where major infrastructure projects are boosting housing demand include Faro, Olhao, and Tavira along the eastern rail corridor, plus inland areas benefiting from water resilience investments.

The specific infrastructure projects driving that demand in the Algarve include the Faro to Vila Real de Santo Antonio rail electrification project, which improves regional mobility, and the PRR-funded Regional Water Efficiency Plan, which addresses the region's water stress concerns and makes development more sustainable.

The estimated timeline for completion of the Algarve rail modernization is phased through 2026 and 2027, while the water efficiency investments are scheduled to deliver key milestones by 2026 under the EU Recovery and Resilience Plan funding.

The typical price impact on nearby Algarve properties once such infrastructure projects are announced versus completed is usually a 5% to 10% bump at announcement, followed by another 10% to 15% appreciation upon completion, particularly for properties within walking distance of new rail stations.

Sources and methodology: we tracked infrastructure investment announcements from Infraestruturas de Portugal and EU-funded project details from Recuperar Portugal PRR portal. We also analyzed historical price movements around past infrastructure completions using INE data. Our own analysis of price changes in affected municipalities supported these impact estimates.
statistics infographics real estate market the Algarve

We have made this infographic to give you a quick and clear snapshot of the property market in Portugal. It highlights key facts like rental prices, yields, and property costs both in city centers and outside, so you can easily compare opportunities. We’ve done some research and also included useful insights about the country’s economy, like GDP, population, and interest rates, to help you understand the bigger picture.

What do locals and insiders say the market feels like in the Algarve?

Do people think homes are overpriced in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the general sentiment among locals and market insiders in the Algarve is that homes in popular coastal areas do feel stretched, particularly for Portuguese residents whose wages have not kept pace with price growth driven by international buyers.

The specific evidence locals typically cite when arguing homes are overpriced in the Algarve includes the rapid year-on-year price increases of around 9% to 14%, the gap between local salaries and property prices, and the fact that many listings sit unsold for months when priced above market reality.

The counterarguments given by those who believe Algarve prices are fair include the region's structural supply constraints in prime coastal areas, strong and diversified international demand, and the fact that comparable Mediterranean destinations like the Costa del Sol or French Riviera are often more expensive.

The price-to-income ratio in the Algarve is significantly higher than the national Portuguese average, with property prices in popular municipalities running roughly 15 to 20 times median local household income, compared to around 10 to 12 times in less tourism-dependent regions.

Sources and methodology: we gathered sentiment indicators from local market reports and agent interviews, and quantified price growth using idealista and INE transaction data. We also reviewed affordability analyses from Banco de Portugal macroprudential reports. Our own surveys of local buyers and sellers informed the sentiment assessment.

What are common buyer mistakes people regret in the Algarve right now?

The most frequently cited buyer mistake that people regret making in the Algarve is not stress-testing the property during winter months, when many discover that their dream seaside apartment is cold, damp, or sits in a neighborhood that becomes eerily quiet and underserved by shops and restaurants.

The second most common buyer mistake people mention regretting in the Algarve is assuming that short-term rental income through platforms like Airbnb will be automatic and easy, only to discover later that their building prohibits it, the local area is saturated with competing listings, or they did not properly register with the Alojamento Local licensing system.

If you want to go deeper, you can check our list of risks and pitfalls people face when buying property in the Algarve.

It's because of these mistakes that we have decided to build our pack covering the property buying process in the Algarve.

Sources and methodology: we compiled buyer regrets from interviews with local real estate attorneys and agents, and cross-referenced with rental regulation guidance from gov.pt Alojamento Local registration and the RNAL official registry. We also reviewed common dispute patterns from Portal das Financas records. Our own client feedback database confirmed these recurring issues.

Get the full checklist for your due diligence in the Algarve

Don't repeat the same mistakes others have made before you. Make sure everything is in order before signing your sales contract.

real estate trends the Algarve

How easy is it for foreigners to buy in the Algarve in 2026?

Do foreigners face extra challenges in the Algarve right now?

The estimated overall difficulty level foreigners face when buying property in the Algarve is moderate, meaning there are no legal barriers to ownership, but the process involves more paperwork, stricter financing terms, and a steeper learning curve compared to what local buyers experience.

The specific legal requirements that apply to foreign buyers in the Algarve include obtaining a Portuguese tax identification number (NIF) before any transaction, and non-EU residents must typically appoint a fiscal representative to handle tax notifications and obligations on their behalf.

The practical challenges foreigners most commonly encounter in the Algarve include navigating the split between notary, lawyer, and agent responsibilities that differs from Anglo-Saxon systems, understanding that property boundaries and building permits often contain historical irregularities, and dealing with banks that move slowly on non-resident mortgage applications.

We will tell you more in our blog article about foreigner property ownership in the Algarve.

Sources and methodology: we reviewed official foreign buyer requirements from Portal das Financas NIF guidance and fiscal representative rules from Portuguese Tax Authority documentation. We also consulted transaction cost guidance from gov.pt IMT information. Our own experience helping foreign clients informed the practical challenges section.

Do banks lend to foreigners in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, mortgage financing is available to foreign buyers in the Algarve from most major Portuguese banks, though approval processes are more rigorous and terms are typically less favorable than those offered to residents.

The typical loan-to-value ratios foreign buyers can expect in the Algarve range from 60% to 70%, meaning a down payment of 30% to 40% is usually required, with interest rates for non-residents currently hovering between 3.5% and 4.5% depending on the bank and loan structure.

The documentation and income requirements banks typically demand from foreign applicants in the Algarve include proof of stable income or pension for the past two to three years, tax returns from your home country, bank statements, a credit report, and sometimes a requirement to open a Portuguese bank account and maintain a minimum balance.

You can also read our latest update about mortgage and interest rates in Portugal.

Sources and methodology: we reviewed lending data and macroprudential guidelines from Banco de Portugal and current mortgage rate series from BPstat. We also gathered current terms from major Portuguese bank publications and ECB interest rate data. Our own tracking of client mortgage approvals provided real-world confirmation.
infographics rental yields citiesthe Algarve

We did some research and made this infographic to help you quickly compare rental yields of the major cities in Portugal versus those in neighboring countries. It provides a clear view of how this country positions itself as a real estate investment destination, which might interest you if you’re planning to invest there.

How risky is buying in the Algarve compared to other nearby markets?

Is the Algarve more volatile than nearby places in 2026?

As of early 2026, the price volatility of the Algarve is moderate compared to nearby markets like the Spanish Costa del Sol or the French Riviera, meaning it experiences meaningful price swings tied to international demand and interest rates but benefits from structural supply constraints that prevent sharp crashes.

Over the past decade, the Algarve has experienced price swings of around 15% to 20% in both directions during major market shifts, which is roughly comparable to the Costa del Sol but less extreme than some overbuilt Spanish coastal areas that saw steeper corrections after 2008.

If you want to go into more details, we also have a blog article detailing the updated housing prices in the Algarve.

Sources and methodology: we benchmarked Algarve volatility using Eurostat House Price Index data for Portugal versus Spain and other EU coastal markets. We also analyzed historical price movements from INE and comparable Spanish registry data. Our own long-term price tracking across Mediterranean markets informed the comparison.

Is the Algarve resilient during downturns historically?

The estimated historical resilience of Algarve property values during past economic downturns is relatively strong compared to other tourist-dependent regions, largely because structural supply scarcity in prime coastal areas and a diversified international buyer base provide a floor under prices.

During the most recent major downturn following the 2008 financial crisis, Algarve property prices dropped approximately 20% to 30% from peak to trough, and the recovery to pre-crisis levels took roughly seven to eight years, though prime locations like the Golden Triangle recovered faster.

The property types and neighborhoods in the Algarve that have historically held value best during downturns are luxury villas in Quinta do Lago and Vale do Lobo, beachfront apartments in Lagos and Tavira, and anything with genuine scarcity value like direct ocean views or walking distance to historic centers.

Sources and methodology: we analyzed historical downturn data from INE price indices and cross-referenced with Eurostat Portugal housing data going back to 2005. We also reviewed Banco de Portugal financial stability reports from crisis periods. Our own tracking of transaction prices in specific Algarve submarkets provided granular resilience insights.

Get to know the market before you buy a property in the Algarve

Better information leads to better decisions. Get all the data you need before investing a large amount of money. Download our guide.

real estate market the Algarve

How strong is rental demand behind the scenes in the Algarve in 2026?

Is long-term rental demand growing in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the growth trend for long-term rental demand in the Algarve is clearly positive, driven by rising local employment, incoming remote workers, and residents who cannot afford to buy in a market where prices have outpaced wage growth.

The tenant demographics driving long-term rental demand in the Algarve include young professionals working in tourism and hospitality, healthcare workers at the region's expanding hospitals, university students in Faro, and a growing segment of international remote workers who want to live in the Algarve year-round without committing to a purchase.

The neighborhoods in the Algarve with the strongest long-term rental demand right now are Faro city center and the Montenegro university area, Portimao's center, Loule and Quarteira, and Olhao, where year-round services and employment opportunities make permanent residence practical.

You might want to check our latest analysis about rental yields in the Algarve.

Sources and methodology: we analyzed rental market trends using INE median rent data and listing patterns from idealista rental index. We also reviewed employment data from regional statistics and Turismo de Portugal workforce reports. Our own rental portfolio tracking across Algarve municipalities confirmed these demand patterns.

Is short-term rental demand growing in the Algarve in 2026?

The regulatory changes currently affecting short-term rental operations in the Algarve include the requirement to register all units with the official Alojamento Local (AL) system, building-level restrictions that can block new registrations, and ongoing policy discussions under the Mais Habitacao housing law that could further tighten licensing in saturated areas.

As of early 2026, the growth trend for short-term rental demand in the Algarve remains structurally strong, supported by record tourism numbers including over 10 million passengers through Faro Airport in 2025 and the region's recognition as a world-leading beach destination.

The current estimated average occupancy rate for short-term rentals in the Algarve varies significantly by season and location, ranging from about 80% to 90% in peak summer months in prime coastal towns down to 40% to 50% in the low winter season, with well-managed properties in year-round destinations like Lagos or Tavira achieving better off-season performance.

The guest demographics driving short-term rental demand in the Algarve include British holidaymakers who remain the dominant market, a fast-growing American segment with over 20% year-on-year growth in arrivals, European families seeking beach vacations, and digital nomads testing the region before committing to longer stays.

By the way, we also have a blog article detailing whether owning an Airbnb rental is profitable in the Algarve.

Sources and methodology: we verified AL registration requirements from gov.pt Alojamento Local portal and checked saturation levels via the RNAL official registry. We also analyzed tourism volume data from Turismo de Portugal and Faro Airport statistics. Our own short-term rental performance tracking provided occupancy benchmarks.
infographics comparison property prices the Algarve

We made this infographic to show you how property prices in Portugal compare to other big cities across the region. It breaks down the average price per square meter in city centers, so you can see how cities stack up. It’s an easy way to spot where you might get the best value for your money. We hope you like it.

What are the realistic short-term and long-term projections for the Algarve in 2026?

What's the 12-month outlook for demand in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the estimated 12-month demand outlook for residential property in the Algarve is steady to strong, with continued international interest and improving mortgage conditions supporting transaction volumes, though demand remains very neighborhood-specific.

The key economic and political factors most likely to influence Algarve property demand over the next 12 months include ECB interest rate decisions that affect mortgage affordability, any further changes to Portugal's housing policy under the Mais Habitacao framework, and the stability of the British and American economies that supply much of the foreign buyer pool.

The forecasted price movement for the Algarve over the next 12 months is flat to positive 6%, with prime coastal areas likely at the higher end of that range and secondary or overpriced stock potentially seeing slight softening or longer selling times.

By the way, we also have an update regarding price forecasts in Portugal.

Sources and methodology: we built our 12-month outlook using price trajectory data from idealista and INE, combined with ECB rate path guidance from European Central Bank communications. We also factored in tourism forecasts from Turismo de Portugal. Our own demand modeling across Algarve submarkets informed the price range estimate.

What's the 3 to 5 year outlook for housing in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the estimated 3 to 5 year outlook for housing prices and demand in the Algarve is moderately positive, with a reasonable expectation of 3% to 5% average annual price growth across the region, though prime coastal areas may outperform while inland or overbuilt zones lag.

The major development projects and urban plans expected to shape the Algarve over the next 3 to 5 years include the completion of the Algarve rail line electrification improving east-west connectivity, continued PRR water resilience investments, and ongoing expansion of Faro Airport capacity to handle growing passenger volumes.

The single biggest uncertainty that could alter the 3 to 5 year outlook for the Algarve is a potential sharp reversal in ECB monetary policy that would significantly raise borrowing costs, or a major tourism shock that would undermine the rental income many buyers depend on to justify their purchase.

Sources and methodology: we developed our long-term outlook using infrastructure plans from Infraestruturas de Portugal and PRR investment schedules from Recuperar Portugal. We also incorporated GDP and inflation projections from Banco de Portugal economic forecasts. Our own scenario modeling weighted upside and downside risks.

Are demographics or other trends pushing prices up in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the estimated impact of demographic trends on housing prices in the Algarve is clearly positive, with population growth from both international migration and domestic relocation putting sustained pressure on a structurally limited housing supply.

The specific demographic shifts most affecting prices in the Algarve include the continued inflow of Northern European retirees seeking sunbelt lifestyles, a surge in American buyers whose numbers have grown more than 20% year-on-year, and an expanding population of remote workers who can live anywhere and choose the Algarve for its climate and quality of life.

The non-demographic trends also pushing prices in the Algarve include the structural undersupply of new housing relative to demand, the region's recognition as a world-leading beach destination attracting investment, and improved air connectivity including new direct flights from the United States that make the Algarve more accessible to high-spending markets.

These demographic and trend-driven price pressures in the Algarve are expected to continue for at least the next 5 to 10 years, as Portugal's lifestyle appeal shows no signs of fading and the factors driving international interest, such as safety, climate, healthcare quality, and relative affordability versus other European destinations, remain intact.

Sources and methodology: we analyzed demographic trends using migration and population data from INE and tourism growth figures from Turismo de Portugal. We also tracked air connectivity expansion from Faro Airport statistics and ANA Aeroportos reports. Our own buyer origin tracking confirmed the nationality shifts described.

What scenario would cause a downturn in the Algarve in 2026?

As of early 2026, the estimated most likely scenario that could trigger a housing downturn in the Algarve would be a sharp and unexpected rise in ECB interest rates that significantly increases mortgage costs, combined with a broader European economic slowdown that reduces both domestic and international buying power.

The early warning signs that would indicate such a downturn is beginning in the Algarve include a sustained increase in average days-on-market above 150 days, a noticeable widening of the gap between asking and sold prices beyond 10%, a significant drop in Faro Airport passenger numbers, and rising inventory levels without corresponding absorption.

Based on historical patterns, a potential downturn in the Algarve could realistically see prices decline by 15% to 25% from peak levels, similar to the post-2008 correction, though the timeline and severity would depend heavily on whether the shock is primarily financial, tourism-related, or both.

Sources and methodology: we modeled downturn scenarios using historical correction data from INE and stress-test frameworks from Banco de Portugal financial stability reports. We also reviewed policy risk factors from Diario da Republica housing legislation. Our own risk assessment framework identified the key leading indicators to watch.

Make a profitable investment in the Algarve

Better information leads to better decisions. Save time and money. Download our guide.

buying property foreigner the Algarve

What sources have we used to write this blog article?

Whether it's in our blog articles or the market analyses included in our property pack about the Algarve, we always rely on the strongest methodology we can, and we don't throw out numbers at random.

We also aim to be fully transparent, so below we've listed the authoritative sources we used, and explained how we used them and the methods behind our estimates.

Source Why it's authoritative How we used it
Statistics Portugal (INE) INE is Portugal's official national statistics office, making it the baseline reference for housing data, prices, and transaction volumes. We used INE data to anchor Portugal-wide and Algarve price growth trends and transaction volumes. We then interpreted local conditions as a regional layer on top of these national patterns.
idealista idealista is the largest property portal in Iberia and publishes a consistent methodology for tracking asking prices across regions. We used idealista as the best high-frequency proxy for Algarve asking prices through late 2025. We combined it with transaction data to estimate the typical gap between listing and sold prices.
European Central Bank (ECB) The ECB sets policy rates that directly drive Euribor and mortgage pricing across the eurozone, including Portugal. We used ECB rate decisions to explain why buyer demand can shift quickly. We then translated rate direction into a practical financing outlook for 2026 buyers.
Banco de Portugal Banco de Portugal is the Portuguese central bank and its BPstat portal provides official mortgage rate series and macroprudential lending limits. We used it to ground mortgage cost trends and understand the LTV and affordability caps that constrain borrowing. We mapped rate direction to market momentum indicators.
Portal das Financas This is the Portuguese Tax Authority's official portal for tax guidance, NIF applications, and fiscal representative requirements. We used it to confirm the essential admin steps foreigners must complete before buying property. We translated these requirements into a practical checklist.
Turismo de Portugal Turismo de Portugal is the national tourism authority and publishes official visitor statistics and industry reports. We used tourism data to understand the demand engine behind Algarve rental income. We connected visitor volumes to short-term rental market resilience.
RNAL (Turismo de Portugal) RNAL is the official registry of licensed Alojamento Local short-term rental units in Portugal. We used it to show how buyers can verify rental saturation in their target area. We turned this into a due-diligence step before purchasing.
Infraestruturas de Portugal Infraestruturas de Portugal is the national rail and road infrastructure manager with authority over transport projects. We used it to confirm real, underway transport upgrades across Algarve municipalities. We highlighted where improved access could shift demand patterns.
Recuperar Portugal (PRR) This is the official Recovery and Resilience Plan portal showing EU-funded infrastructure and development projects. We used it to identify water efficiency and other investments affecting Algarve liveability. We connected these projects to areas that could see demand uplift.
Eurostat Eurostat is the EU's official statistics office, useful for comparing Portugal's housing market to other European countries. We used Eurostat House Price Index data to benchmark Algarve volatility against broader EU markets. We framed what normal price swings look like in a European context.
Diario da Republica This is the official gazette where Portuguese laws, including housing legislation like Law 56/2023 (Mais Habitacao), are published. We used it as the authoritative reference for recent housing policy changes. We treated policy direction as a risk factor for rental investors and buyers.